About Us Become a Tutor Blog. The mean orbital radius of the earth around the sun is 1.5 108 km. In the far distant future, the gravity of passing stars will gradually reduce the Sun's retinue of planets. [44], After between three and ten million years,[34] the young Sun's solar wind would have cleared away all the gas and dust in the protoplanetary disc, blowing it into interstellar space, thus ending the growth of the planets. The center, where most of the mass collected, became increasingly hotter than the surrounding disc. [52][56][57] During this primary depletion period, the effects of the giant planets and planetary embryos left the asteroid belt with a total mass equivalent to less than 1% that of the Earth, composed mainly of small planetesimals. The remaining 2% of the mass consisted of heavier elements that were created by nucleosynthesis in earlier generations of stars. History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses, "Origin of the cataclysmic Late Heavy Bombardment period of the terrestrial planets", "Birth of the planets: The Earth and its fellow planets may be survivors from a time when planets ricocheted around the Sun like ball bearings on a pinball table", "Triggered Star Formation inside the Shell of a WolfRayet Bubble as the Origin of the Solar System", "Lecture 13: The Nebular Theory of the origin of the Solar System", "The supernova trigger for formation of the solar system", "Iron 60 Evidence for Early Injection and Efficient Mixing of Stellar Debris in the Protosolar Nebula", "Slow-Moving Rocks Better Odds That Life Crashed to Earth from Space", "Magnetic Star-Disk Coupling in Classical T Tauri Systems", "Stardust Results in a Nutshell: The Solar Nebula was Like a Blender", "The Primordial Excitation and Clearing of the Asteroid Belt", "Linking the collisional history of the main asteroid belt to its dynamical excitation and depletion", "Pumping of a Planetesimal Disc by a Rapidly Migrating Planet", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, "The primordial excitation and clearing of the asteroid beltRevisited", "A Population of Comets in the Main Asteroid Belt", "Source regions and timescales for the delivery of water to the Earth", "Uranus, Neptune, and the Mountains of the Moon", "Origin of the orbital architecture of the giant planets of the Solar System", "Jupiter may have robbed Mars of mass, new report indicates", "UCLA scientists strengthen case for life more than 3.8 billion years ago", "The Risk to Civilization From Extraterrestrial Objects and Implications of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 Comet Crash", "Neptune's capture of its moon Triton in a binary-planet gravitational encounter", "Interplanetary Weathering: Surface Erosion in Outer Space", Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, "The origin and evolution of stony meteorites", "The Giant Planet Satellite and Moon Page", "Origin of the moonThe collision hypothesis", "A Jovian analogue orbiting a white dwarf star", "A Crystal Ball Into Our Solar System's Future - Giant Gas Planet Orbiting a Dead Star Gives Glimpse Into the Predicted Aftermath of our Sun's Demise", "Astronomers Found a Planet That Survived Its Star's Death - The Jupiter-size planet orbits a type of star called a white dwarf, and hints at what our solar system could be like when the sun burns out", "Numerical evidence that the motion of Pluto is chaotic", "The solar system could go haywire before the sun dies", "Tidal Heating of Io and orbital evolution of the Jovian satellites", "Improved estimate of tidal dissipation within Mars from MOLA observations of the shadow of Phobos", "Measurement and implications of Saturn's gravity field and ring mass", "Introduction to Cataclysmic Variables (CVs)", "Titan under a red giant sun: A new kind of "habitable" moon", "Planetary nebulae and the future of the Solar System", "The Potential of White Dwarf Cosmochronology", "Period of the Sun's Orbit around the Galaxy (Cosmic Year)", "When Our Galaxy Smashes Into Andromeda, What Happens to the Sun? [98] Another example is Earth's axial tilt, which, due to friction raised within Earth's mantle by tidal interactions with the Moon (see below), is incomputable from some point between 1.5 and 4.5 billion years from now. In this situation, angular momentum is transferred from the rotation of the primary to the revolution of the satellite. [136], Studies of discs around other stars have also done much to establish a time frame for Solar System formation. Stars between one and three million years old have discs rich in gas, whereas discs around stars more than 10million years old have little to no gas, suggesting that giant planets within them have ceased forming.[34]. At the tip of the red-giant branch, as a result of the vastly increased surface area, the Sun's surface will be much cooler (about 2,600K (2,330C; 4,220F)) than now, and its luminosity much higherup to 2,700current solar luminosities. (b) What is the ratio of the kinetic energy of the asteroid to the . An astronomical unit, or AU, is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun, or about 150 million kilometres. Calculate the ratio of the angular momentum of the earth about its axis due to its spinning motion to that about the sun due to its orbital motion. Models show that density and temperature variations in the disk governed this rate of migration,[35][36] but the net trend was for the inner planets to migrate inward as the disk dissipated, leaving the planets in their current orbits. [63] The Kuiper belt lies between 30 and 55AU from the Sun, while the farther scattered disc extends to over 100AU,[43] and the distant Oort cloud begins at about 50,000AU. and Terms of Use. around the sun. What is the magnitude of the orbital velocity of the planet Mercury (orbit radius =5.79107km, orbital period = 88.0 days)? When Neptune, Uranus and Saturn perturb planetesimals outwards, those planetesimals end up in highly eccentric but still bound orbits, and so can return to the perturbing planet and possibly return its lost energy. during a leap year). [102] This could happen within a billion years, according to numerical simulations in which Mercury's orbit is perturbed.[103]. This has been questioned during the last 20 years. System of Particles and Rotational Motion, 76 IEE-Physics MATRIX MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS Calculate mass of the sun if G = 6.67 1011 N m2/kg2 ? The mean orbital radius of the Earth around the Sun is `1.5 xx 10^8 km`. Q. Radius of the earth = 6400 km and radius of the orbit of the earth about the sun = 1.5 108 km. The impacting object probably had a mass comparable to that of Mars, and the impact probably occurred near the end of the period of giant impacts. The outer moons of the giant planets tend to be small and have eccentric orbits with arbitrary inclinations. (c) Repeat parts (a) and (b) for the motion of the planet Uranus (orbit radius = 2.87 109 km, orbital period = 84.02 years). The Earth completes one orbit every 365.242199 mean solar days, a fact which goes a long way towards explaining why need an extra calendar day every four years (aka. The Sun will become a horizontal giant, burning helium in its core in a stable fashion, much like it burns hydrogen today. Since this value is close to zero, the center of the orbit is relatively close to the center of the Sun (relative to the size of the orbit). The mean orbital radius of the earth around the sun is 1.5 10^8 km. [79] The evolution of the outer Solar System also appears to have been influenced by space weathering from the solar wind, micrometeorites, and the neutral components of the interstellar medium. The Moon will continue to recede from Earth, and Earth's spin will continue to slow gradually. [42] The main problem with formation theories for these planets is the timescale of their formation. Its inner edge would have been just beyond the orbits of Uranus and Neptune, which were in turn far closer to the Sun when they formed (most likely in the range of 1520AU), and in 50% of simulations ended up in opposite locations, with Uranus farther from the Sun than Neptune. The ejected material will contain the helium and carbon produced by the Sun's nuclear reactions, continuing the enrichment of the interstellar medium with heavy elements for future generations of stars and planets. sun. Sol: As the centripetal forces is provided by the gravitational pull of the Sun on the Earth, $\large \frac{G M_s M_e}{r^2} = M_e r \omega^2 $, $\large \frac{G M_s M_e}{r^2} = M_e r (\frac{2\pi}{T})^2 $, $\large M_s = \frac{4 \pi^2 r^3}{G T^2} $, $\large M_s = \frac{4 (22/7)^2 \times (1.5 \times 10^{11})^3}{6.67 \times 10^{-11}\times (365 \times 24 \times 60 \times 60)^2} $, The orbital speed of an artificial satellite very close to the surface of the earth is V0 . We know the magnitude of the earth's orbital velocity around the sun is given as the circumference of the orbit divided by the time taken, velocity of the earth, v = 29885.77486 m/s. The radius of the earth's very nearly circular orbit around the sun. You can download the NCERT solutions in pdf format as well.You can also ask any question related to Math, Physics, Chemistry, Biology and get a video solution for FREE from a library of more than 5 Lakh VideosFollow Us On Facebook https://www.facebook.com/doubtnut We also know that it takes a year (approx 365 days) which is therefore about 3.2x10 7 secs. Uranus and Neptune are sometimes referred to as failed cores. [71][72][73], Gravitational disruption from the outer planets' migration would have sent large numbers of asteroids into the inner Solar System, severely depleting the original belt until it reached today's extremely low mass. Thus, the white dwarf Sun will gradually cool, growing dimmer and dimmer. [81] Objects with large mass have enough gravity to retain any material ejected by a violent collision. [130], However, others argue that the Sun is currently close to the galactic plane, and yet the last great extinction event was 15 million years ago. 1.501011m. A star 2.5 times the mass of the sun is reduced to a size of 12 km and rotates with a speed of 1.5 rps. In the former case, the direction of angular momentum transfer is reversed, so the rotation of the primary speeds up while the satellite's orbit shrinks. The most significant criticism of the hypothesis was its apparent inability to explain the Sun's relative lack of angular momentum when compared to the planets. Then he, The orbital speed for an earth satellite near the surface of the earth is 7 km/sec. The evolution of moon systems is driven by tidal forces. For general feedback, use the public comments section below (please adhere to guidelines). Because the frost line accumulated large amounts of water via evaporation from infalling icy material, it created a region of lower pressure that increased the speed of orbiting dust particles and halted their motion toward the Sun. How will you weigh the sun, that is estimate its mass? Calculate mass of the sun if G = 6.67 10-11 N m2/kg-2 ? The radius of the earth's orbit around the sun (assumed to be circular) is 1.50 * 108 km, and the earth travels around this orbit in 365 days. These attributes are impossible to achieve via capture, while the gaseous nature of the primaries also make formation from collision debris unlikely. Using Kepler's 3rd law, we get an orbital period of about 2.83 years. This point marks the end of the Solar System. Therefore = 2 / 3.2x10 7 = 2.0x10 -7 rad/s. Find the initial acceleration of the first particle due to gravitational force. Report this user for behavior that violates our Community Guidelines. Such chaos manifests most strongly as changes in eccentricity, with some planets' orbits becoming significantly moreor lesselliptical. At the current locations it would have taken millions of years for their cores to accrete. Milk consumption increased ancient human body size, finds study, Study finds that UV-emitting nail polish dryers damage DNA and cause mutations in cells, RNA lipid nanoparticle engineering stops liver fibrosis in its tracks, reverses damage, Researchers create new system for safer gene-drive testing and development. [59][60] In contrast, comets from the Kuiper belt or farther regions delivered not more than about 6% of Earth's water. ], In roughly 5billion years, the Sun will cool and expand outward to many times its current diameter (becoming a red giant), before casting off its outer layers as a planetary nebula and leaving behind a stellar remnant known as a white dwarf. Water delivered to Earth. [48] One hypothesis for this "eccentricity dumping" is that the terrestrials formed in a disc of gas still not expelled by the Sun. The inner Solar System's period of giant impacts probably played a role in the Earth acquiring its current water content (~61021kg) from the early asteroid belt. [55] This event may have triggered the Late Heavy Bombardment that occurred approximately 4billion years ago, 500600million years after the formation of the Solar System. This future development may be similar to the observed detection of MOA-2010-BLG-477L b, a Jupiter-sized exoplanet orbiting its host white dwarf star MOA-2010-BLG-477L. First of all, the speed of the Earth's orbit around the Sun is 108,000 km/h, which means that our planet travels 940 million km during a single orbit. Within 50 million years, the temperature and pressure at the core of the Sun became so great that its hydrogen began to fuse, creating an internal source of energy that countered gravitational contraction until hydrostatic equilibrium was achieved. Note: All dates and times in this chronology are approximate and should be taken as an order of magnitude indicator only. The average angular momentum is mvr, treating the Earth as if it were a point mass. In other words; T^2 prop R^3 Where T is the orbital period and R is the body's average distance from the sun, or the semi-major axis. This is what is known as an "elliptical" orbit. This may lead to a short period of intensive star formation called a starburst. This "Copernican Revolution" resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent. [124], This is a relatively peaceful event, nothing akin to a supernova, which the Sun is too small to undergo as part of its evolution. [109], There is no consensus on the mechanism of the formation of the rings of Saturn. Your feedback is important to us. At their distance from the Sun, accretion was too slow to allow planets to form before the solar nebula dispersed, and thus the initial disc lacked enough mass density to consolidate into a planet. Ever since the 16th century when Nicolaus Copernicus demonstrated that the Earth revolved around in the Sun, scientists have worked tirelessly to understand the relationship in mathematical terms. [28] Please, allow us to send you push notifications with new Alerts. Orbital radius of the Earth around the Sun, r = 1.5 10 11 m Time taken by the Earth to complete one revolution around the Sun, T = 1 year = 365.25 days = 365.25 24 60 60 s Universal gravitational constant, G = 6.67 10 -11 Nm 2 kg -2 Thus, mass of the Sun can be calculated using the relation, Hence, the mass of the Sun is 2 10 30 kg. Terrestrial planets and the Moon form. [24], At this point in its evolution, the Sun is thought to have been a T Tauri star. [51], The outer edge of the terrestrial region, between 2 and 4AU from the Sun, is called the asteroid belt. RANK. The mass, A satellite of mass m is circulating around the earth with constant angular velocity. [113] If it were only for this, Venus and Earth would probably escape incineration,[118] but a 2008 study suggests that Earth will likely be swallowed up as a result of tidal interactions with the Sun's weakly-bound outer envelope. The radius of the earth's orbit around the sun (assumed to be circular) is 1.50 10 8 k m, and the earth travels around this orbit in 365 days. When the Earth is closest to the Sun, it is said to be at perihelion. Determine the [125] Afterwards, all that will remain of the Sun is a white dwarf, an extraordinarily dense object, 54% its original mass but only the size of the Earth. These are the five positions in Earth's orbital configuration around the Sun where the combined gravitational pull of the Earth and the Sun provides precisely the centripetal force required to orbit with them. The Earth's axis of rotation is tilted with respect to the perpendicular to its orbital plane around the Sun, producing seasons. Thus the seasonal effects in the south are reversed. ", "NASA's Hubble Shows Milky Way is Destined for Head-On Collision", "Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago", QuickTime animation of the future collision between the Milky Way and Andromeda, How the Sun Will Die: And What Happens to Earth, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System&oldid=1134353077, Billions of years before the formation of the Solar System, Previous generations of stars live and die, injecting, ~ 50 million years before formation of the Solar System. We have many more articles about the Earth's orbit, including 10 interesting facts about Earth. Any observer present to witness this occurrence would see a massive increase in the speed of the solar wind, but not enough to destroy a planet completely. One complete orbit takes 365.256 days (1 sidereal year ), during which time Earth has traveled 940 million km (584 million mi). [according to whom? The four seasons are determined by the fact that the Earth is tilted 23.4 on its vertical axis, which is referred to as "axial tilt." times the mass of Earth, revolves in a circular orbit around the Sun at a distance that is 3.0 times Earth's distance from the Sun. The Hill sphere (gravitational sphere of influence) of the Earth is about 1,500,000 kilometers (0.01 AU) in radius, or approximately four times the average distance to the Moon. The radial acceleration of the earth towards the sun, corresponding to centripetal acceleration. [118] They will continue to orbit their star, their speed slowed due to their increased distance from the Sun and the Sun's reduced gravity. Jupiter thus would have consumed much of the material that would have created a bigger Mars. [43][67], In contrast to the outer planets, the inner planets are not thought to have migrated significantly over the age of the Solar System, because their orbits have remained stable following the period of giant impacts. Jupiter's gravity increased the velocity of objects within these resonances, causing them to shatter upon collision with other bodies, rather than accrete.[53]. [135] Rocks this old are rare, as Earth's surface is constantly being reshaped by erosion, volcanism, and plate tectonics. Formation and evolution of the Solar System, Galactic collision and planetary disruption. [89][90] Again, using trigonometry, the radius or diameter of the Sun can be calculated from the distance between Earth and Sun, a, as 2R sun = tan (0.5 degrees) a. Still, in some cases, the orbits themselves may change dramatically. The Sun remains a main-sequence star today. [45][46], The planets were originally thought to have formed in or near their current orbits. [65] These three Lagrange points are unstable, which means that a satellite placed at any one of them will move off course if disturbed in the slightest. Note: The mean orbital radius of the earth around the sun is 1.5 108 km. Another interesting characteristic of the Earth's orbit around the Sun has to do with Lagrange Points. The changing Earth-Sun distance results in an increase of about 7% in total solar energy reaching the Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion. [70] Moreover, alternative explanations for the small mass of Mars exist. Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 3 : nearly 1/4 year Average angular momentum Earth angular momentum is 2.663x10 40 kgm 2 s-1 [18] Because only massive, short-lived stars produce supernovae, the Sun must have formed in a large star-forming region that produced massive stars, possibly similar to the Orion Nebula. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Privacy Policy [15], The oldest inclusions found in meteorites, thought to trace the first solid material to form in the presolar nebula, are 4,568.2million years old, which is one definition of the age of the Solar System. 4. physics. For general inquiries, please use our contact form. From a vantage point above the north pole of either the Sun or Earth, Earth would appear to revolve in a counterclockwise direction around the Sun. [25] Studies of T Tauri stars show that they are often accompanied by discs of pre-planetary matter with masses of 0.0010.1M. Six months later, when the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun, the seasonal order is reversed. [94][95][96], The Solar System is chaotic over million- and billion-year timescales,[97] with the orbits of the planets open to long-term variations. The formula is given by, = 2/T {equation 1} The chemical history of the Sun suggests it may have formed as much as 3kpc closer to the galaxy core. These are the characteristics expected of captured bodies. In 1989, Jacques Laskar's work indicated that Earth's orbit (as well as the orbits of all the inner planets) can become chaotic and that an error as small as 15 meters in measuring the initial position of the Earth today would make it impossible to predict where Earth would be in its orbit in just over 100 million years' time. [2] Ignoring the influence of other Solar System bodies, Earth's orbit is an ellipse with the Earth-Sun barycenter as one focus and a current eccentricity of 0.0167. Connect with 50,000+ expert tutors in 60 seconds, 24X7, Physics for JEE Main and Advanced Mechanics 1, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited, Physics for JEE Main and Advanced Mechanics 2. [2][75] The oldest known evidence for life on Earth dates to 3.8billion years agoalmost immediately after the end of the Late Heavy Bombardment. [7] The effect of the Earth's axial tilt in the southern hemisphere is the opposite of that in the northern hemisphere, thus the seasons of the solstices and equinoxes in the southern hemisphere are the reverse of those in the northern hemisphere (e.g. Calculate mass of the sun if G = 6.67 10^11 N m^2/kg^2 ? An asteroid revolves around the sun with a mean (average) orbital radius twice that of Earth's. Predict the period of the asteroid in Earth years. In the northern hemisphere, winter solstice occurs around December 21st, summer solstice is near June 21st, spring equinox is around March 20th and autumnal equinox is about September 23rd. Sun-Earth Lagrange Points. [76], Impacts are thought to be a regular (if currently infrequent) part of the evolution of the Solar System. As a result, many larger objects have been broken apart, and sometimes newer objects have been forged from the remnants in less violent collisions. When the Sun leaves the red-giant branch and enters the asymptotic giant branch, the habitable zone will abruptly shrink to roughly the space between Jupiter and Saturn's present-day orbits, but toward the end of the 200million-year duration of the asymptotic giant phase, it will expand outward to about the same distance as before. While it is true that Earth does have a perihelion, or point at which it is closest to the sun, and an aphelion, its farthest point from the Sun, the difference between these distances is too minimal to have any significant impact on the Earth's seasons and climate. [65][2][43], According to the Nice model, after the formation of the Solar System, the orbits of all the giant planets continued to change slowly, influenced by their interaction with the large number of remaining planetesimals. In these cases, the tidal bulge lags behind the moon in its orbit. [129], Various scientists have speculated that the Solar System's path through the galaxy is a factor in the periodicity of mass extinctions observed in the Earth's fossil record. Today, the Moon is tidally locked to the Earth; one of its revolutions around the Earth (currently about 29 days) is equal to one of its rotations about its axis, so it always shows one face to the Earth. [128], The Solar System travels alone through the Milky Way in a circular orbit approximately 30,000light years from the Galactic Center. Aristarchus of Samos already proposed a heliocentric model in the third century BC. ____ yr Kepler's law says: P^2 = a^3 Plug in A = 2: P^2 = 2^3 P^2 = 8 P = sqrt(8) P = about 2.828427 years 2. This results in warmer average temperatures, as additional solar radiation reaches the surface. In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus had proposed that all the planets orbited in circles around the sun, but his theory did not give very satisfactory predictions and was largely ignored. They and the other remaining planets will become dark, frigid hulks, completely devoid of life. This excess material coalesced into a large embryo (or core) on the order of 10MEarth, which began to accumulate an envelope via accretion of gas from the surrounding disc at an ever-increasing rate. to get the kinetic energy you will need this formula ke=1/2mv^2 then i have calculated that the total Earth's kinetic energy by spinning is 4.8x10^29 joules if we can think of a way to tap the Earth's kinetic energy. On the other hand, when Neptune, Uranus and Saturn perturb objects inwards, those planets gain energy by doing so and therefore move outwards. Who discovered that the earth revolves around the sun? This caused Jupiter to move slightly inward. Third, there is the role Earth's orbit plays in the seasons, which we referred to above. [88] Sol: As the centripetal forces is provided by the gravitational pull of the Sun on the Earth G M s M e r 2 = M e r 2 G M s M e r 2 = M e r ( 2 T) 2 M s = 4 2 r 3 G T 2 Given, r = 1.5 10 8 Km = 1.5 10 11 m ; Identify the news topics you want to see and prioritize an order. As a result, the Sun is growing brighter at a rate of ten percent every 1.1billion years. These objects would have gravitationally interacted with one another, tugging at each other's orbits until they collided, growing larger until the four terrestrial planets we know today took shape. At this point, all life will be reduced to single-celled organisms. [134], However, over time, the cumulative probability of a chance encounter with a star increases, and disruption of the planets becomes all but inevitable. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. Part A What is the magnitude of the orbital velocity of the earth in m / s ? [100] Mean distance from Earth to Sun is 149.6106 km (8.31 minutes at the speed of light) Mass of the Earth is 5.97421024 kg Earth takes 365 days to go one complete circle around Sun. Expert Answer. Eventually, in roughly 6billion years, the Milky Way and Andromeda will complete their merger into a giant elliptical galaxy. ", Provided by [11] Planetesimals beyond the frost line accumulated up to 4MEarth within about 3million years. Our planet takes about 365 days to orbit the Sun. Assuming that the Big Crunch or Big Rip scenarios for the end of the Universe do not occur, calculations suggest that the gravity of passing stars will have completely stripped the dead Sun of its remaining planets within 1quadrillion (1015) years. [19][20] Studies of the structure of the Kuiper belt and of anomalous materials within it suggest that the Sun formed within a cluster of between 1,000 and 10,000 stars with a diameter of between 6.5 and 19.5 light years and a collective mass of 3,000M. is the orbital radius of Earth. [114] During this time, it is possible that as Mars's surface temperature gradually rises, carbon dioxide and water currently frozen under the surface regolith will release into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that will heat the planet until it achieves conditions parallel to Earth today, providing a potential future abode for life. the northern summer solstice is at the same time as the southern winter solstice). In the asteroid belt this usually is not the case. This cluster began to break apart between 135 million and 535 million years after formation. Neither your address nor the recipient's address will be used for any other purpose. Distance from Earth Mean (10 6 km) 149.6 Minimum (10 6 km) 147.1 Maximum (10 6 km) 152.1 Solar Magnetic Field Typical magnetic field strengths for various parts of the Sun Polar Field: 1 - 2 Gauss Sunspots: 3000 Gauss Prominences: 10 - 100 Gauss Chromospheric plages: 200 Gauss Bright chromospheric network: 25 Gauss Ephemeral (unipolar) active . Its speed is about 220km/s. The L4 and L5 points lie at the tips of the two equilateral triangles where the Sun and Earth constitute the two lower points. Pre-solar nebula forms and begins to collapse. The ices that formed the Jovian planets were more abundant than the metals and silicates that formed the terrestrial planets, allowing the giant planets to grow massive enough to capture hydrogen and helium, the lightest and most abundant elements.
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