Johnston saw that the Union army was split in half by the rain-swollen Chickahominy River and hoped to defeat it in detail at Seven Pines and Fair Oaks. Historian Allan Nevins wrote, "Students of history must always be grateful McClellan so frankly exposed his own weaknesses in this posthumous book. His nomination was largely an effort by key party members to prevent the leading candidate, Leon Abbett, from gaining the nomination. Glendale and Malvern Hill found him at the peak of his anguish during the Seven Days, and he fled those fields to escape the responsibility. George B. McClellan and Mary Ellen Marcy (Nelly) McClellan McClellan resigned his commission January 16, 1857, and, capitalizing on his experience with railroad assessment, became chief engineer and vice president of the Illinois Central Railroad, and then president of the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad in 1860. (The information was not used until 1870 when President Ulysses S. Grant unsuccessfully attempted to annex the Dominican Republic.) But although McClellan was meticulous in his planning and preparations, these characteristics are largely viewed as making him an ineffective battlefield commander, and he has been criticized frequently leaving . The Battle of Williamsburg on May 5 is considered a Union victoryMcClellan's firstbut the Confederate army was not destroyed and most of their troops were successfully moved past Williamsburg to Richmond's outer defenses while the battle was waged and for several days thereafter. McClellan attended the University of Pennsylvania for two years, and then transferred to West Point at age 15. McClellan's pursuit began on September 5. The General took the gentle hands which were offered to him with many a kind and pleasing remark, and heard and answered the many remarks and compliments with which the people accosted him. McClellan's feeling of facing overwhelming odds in subsequent campaigns throughout his tenure as General of the Army of the Potomac were strongly influenced by the overblown enemy strength estimates of his secret service chief, detective Allan Pinkerton, but in August 1861, these estimates were entirely McClellan's own. McClellan's son, George B. McClellan Jr. (18651940), was born in Dresden in the Kingdom of Saxony during the family's first trip to Europe. George B. McClellan was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on December 3, 1826. . He wrote a letter to Gen. Scott on April 27, four days after assuming command in Ohio, that presented the first proposal for a strategy for the war. [107] And fourth, that Lincoln and Stanton deliberately undermined McClellan because of his conciliatory stance towards the South, which might have resulted in a less destructive end to the war had Richmond fallen as a result of the Peninsula Campaign. McClellan spent the next three weeks repositioning his troops and waiting for promised reinforcements. [109], Several geographic features and establishments have been named for George B. McClellan. Ellen accepted Hill's proposal in 1856, but her family did not approve and he withdrew. [1], Because of his political connections and his mastery of French, McClellan received the assignment to be an official observer of the European armies in the Crimean War in 1855. He graduating second in his class of 59 in 1846. [86], McClellan was appointed chief engineer of the New York City Department of Docks in 1870. Upon graduation, George McClellan was appointed 2nd Lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers. These include Fort McClellan in Alabama, McClellan Butte and McClellan Peak in the state of Washington, where he traveled while conducting the Pacific Railroad Survey in 1853, and a bronze equestrian statue honoring General McClellan in Washington, D.C. Another equestrian statue honors him in front of Philadelphia City Hall, while the McClellan Gate at Arlington National Cemetery is dedicated to him and displays his name. However, Gene Thorp in a 2012 article in The Washington Post cited evidence that the vanguard of Army of the Potomac was in motion all day on the 13th due to orders McClellan had issued the previous day. The platform called for an immediate cessation of hostilities and a negotiated settlement with the Confederacy. George B. McClellan was a prominent nineteenth-century American military and political leader. [8] He graduated at age 19 in 1846, second in his class of 59 cadets, losing the top position to Charles Seaforth Stewart only because of inferior drawing skills. [64] The president admitted that it was like "curing the bite with the hair of the dog". However . About 10 miles away from the capitol of the Confederacy, George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac was within striking distance of ending the year old Civil War. Gen. George B. McClellan, his wife, infant daughter, nurse, and mother-in-law at his headquarters near Alexandria, Va.Courtesy Brian C. Pohanka, Alexandria, VA. After the disastrous Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run the same month, McClellan was placed in command of what was to become the Army of the Potomac. Marcy, Randolph B, assisted by McClellan, George B., This page was last edited on 12 January 2023, at 16:49. Had the Army of the Potomac been wrecked on either of these fields (at Glendale the possibility had been real), that charge under the Articles of War would likely have been brought against him. Free shipping for many products! McClellan Fitness Center is a United States Army gym located at Fort Eustis, Virginia near his Peninsula Campaign. When Ulysses S. Grant became general-in-chief, he discussed returning McClellan to an unspecified position. Upon his return to the United States in 1856, he requested an assignment in Philadelphia to prepare his report, which contained a critical analysis of the siege and a lengthy description of the organization of the European armies. When the public heard about the Galena, it was yet another great embarrassment, comparable to the Quaker Guns at Manassas. McClellan was called as the first witness on December 23, but he contracted typhoid fever and could not attend. He refused to give any specific details of the proposed campaign, even to his friend, newly appointed War Secretary Edwin M. Stanton. He told one of his generals, "He is an able general but a very cautious one. Historian James M. McPherson has pointed out that the two corps McClellan kept in reserve were in fact larger than Lee's entire force. Admirable self-denial! It became standard issue for as long as the U.S. horse cavalry existed and is still used for ceremonies. The class of '46 contributed 20 generals to the Union and Confederate armies. He waved the order at his old Army friend, Brig. [7], At West Point, he was an energetic and ambitious cadet, deeply interested in the teachings of Dennis Hart Mahan and the theoretical strategic principles of Antoine-Henri Jomini. McClellan had hoped to use the 1st Corps to capture Glouchester Point and thus outflank the Confederate position. Place Of Burial: Trenton, NJ. [32] He reveled in his newly acquired power and influence:[30]. [75], The battle was tactically inconclusive, with the Union suffering a higher overall number of casualties, although Lee technically was defeated because he withdrew first from the battlefield and retreated back to Virginia, and lost a larger percentage of his army than McClellan did. McClellan, in full George Brinton McClellan, (born December 3, 1826, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.died October 29, 1885, Orange, New Jersey), general who skillfully reorganized Union forces in the first year of the American Civil War (1861-65) but drew wide criticism for repeatedly failing to press his advantage Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for CIVIL WAR GENERAL GEORGE B. McCLELLAN & WIFE ~ c. - 1863 at the best online prices at eBay! The first would use 80,000 men to invade Virginia through the Kanawha Valley toward Richmond. Due to his experience and abilities, the Army appointed him a major general on May 14, 1861. Historian and biographer Stephen W. Sears observed that McClellan's actions would have been "essentially sound" for a commander who was as outnumbered as McClellan thought he was, but McClellan in fact rarely had less than a two-to-one advantage over the armies that opposed him in 1861 and 1862. [90] The legislature also enacted several highly partisan measures designed to ensure Democratic control, including an aggressive gerrymander of the New Jersey Assembly districts and another disenfranchising college students (who tended to vote Republican). But he made no secret of his opposition to the Radical Republicans. [90], In addition to tax reduction, McClellan's economic agenda included the institution of a Bureau of Statistics of Labor and Industries and the creation of an agricultural experiment station to modernize growing and farming practices. McClellan was removed from his command of Ohio volunteer armies in less than six months, becoming the Union army's leader. The reason for McClellan's reluctance was that, as in previous battles, he was convinced he was outnumbered. Yet there was obvious disappointment that McClellan had not crushed Lee, who was fighting with a smaller army with its back to the Potomac River. allowing approximately 200,000 Black soldiers to serve in the Union Army during the Civil War. Was general george b mcclellan union or confederate? Many historians argue that he was talented in this aspect. Although McClellan's subordinates can claim their share of responsibility for delays (such as Ambrose Burnside's misadventures at Burnside Bridge) and blunders (Edwin V. Sumner's attack without reconnaissance), these were localized problems from which the full army could have recovered. Because McClellan failed to pursue Lee aggressively after Antietam, Lincoln ordered that he be removed from command on November 5, 1862. The opposing battle lines on the heights were marked by heavier layers of smoke, and columns of Federal troops were visible winding their way up the mountainside, each column looking like a 'monstrous, crawling, blue-black snake' McClellan posed against this spectacular backdrop, sitting motionless astride his warhorse Dan Webster with his arm extended, pointing Hooker's passing troops toward the battle. The first major battle, at Mechanicsville, was poorly coordinated by Lee and his subordinates and resulted in heavy casualties for little tactical gain. As the war progressed, there were various calls to return McClellan to an important command, following the Union defeats at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, as Robert E. Lee moved north at the start of the Gettysburg campaign, and as Jubal Early threatened Washington in 1864. For other people with the same name, see, "Little Napoleon" redirects here. [84] Prior to his return in September 1868, the Democratic Party had expressed some interest in nominating him for president again, but Ulysses S. Grant became the Republican candidate in May 1868, and this interest died. These associations gave McClellan what he considered to be an appreciation of the southern mind and an understanding of the political and military implications of the sectional differences in the United States that led to the Civil War. "[10] He served as an engineering officer during the war, was frequently subject to enemy fire, and was appointed a brevet first lieutenant for his services at Contreras[11] and Churubusco[12] and to captain for his service at Chapultepec. With the assistance of his father's letter to President John Tyler, McClellan was accepted at the United States Military Academy in 1842 at the age of 15, with the academy waiving its usual minimum age of 16. [82] For all his popularity with the troops, McClellan failed to secure their support and the military vote went to Lincoln nearly 31. McClellan assessed local defensive capabilities for the secretary. Lincoln's share of the vote in the Army of the Potomac was 70%. A graduate of West Point, McClellan served with distinction during the Mexican-American War, and later left the Army to serve as an executive . McClellan continued to believe intelligence reports that credited the Confederates with two or three times the men they actually had. [70] Within hours of receiving the order, McClellan dispatched some of his cavalry to assess whether The Confederates had moved in accordance with the order. He prevented the army's morale from collapsing at least twice, in the aftermath of the First and Second Battles of Bull Run. george b. mcclellan, in full george brinton mcclellan, (born december 3, 1826, philadelphia, pennsylvania, u.s.died october 29, 1885, orange, new jersey), general who skillfully reorganized union forces in the first year of the american civil war (1861-65) but drew wide criticism for repeatedly failing to press his advantage over confederate He quickly realized that he had overstepped his bounds and apologized by letter to President Lincoln. Nevertheless, McClellan received criticism from Washington for not counterattacking, which some believed could have opened the city of Richmond to capture. [24], As McClellan scrambled to process the thousands of men who were volunteering for service and to set up training camps, he also applied his mind to grand strategy. McClellan is usually ranked in the lowest tier of Civil War generals. Old ladies and men wept for joy, and scores of beautiful ladies waved flags from the balconies of houses upon the street, and their joyousness seemed to overcome every other emotion. [4] The couple had five children: Frederica, John, George, Arthur and Mary. [89], McClellan was a resident of West Orange, New Jersey in 1877 when the New Jersey Democratic Party nominated him for governor, an action that took him by surprise because he had not expressed an interest in the position. In doing so, Lee had assumed that the Union army would withdraw to the east toward its existing supply base and McClellan's move to the south delayed Lee's response for at least 24 hours. George Brinton McClellan was born into an elite Philadelphia family on December 3, 1826. [97] McClellan himself summed up his style of warfare in a draft of his memoirs: It has always been my opinion that the true course in conducting military operations, is to make no movement until the preparations are as complete as circumstances permit, & never to fight a battle without some definite object worth the probable loss. A chronology of key events in the life of George B. McClellan (1826-1885), U.S. Army officer and governor of New Jersey. Ellen, or Nelly, refused McClellan's first proposal of marriage, one of nine that she received from a variety of suitors, including his West Point friend, A. P. Hill. In the battle of Malvern Hill, he was on a gunboat, the USSGalena, which at one point was ten miles (16km) away, down the James River. The document was verified at McClellan's headquarters in Frederick on September 13. McClellan wired to Washington, "Our victory was complete. Seven Days' Battles, (June 25-July 1, 1862), series of American Civil War battles in which a Confederate army under General Robert E. Lee drove back General George B. McClellan's Union forces and thwarted the Northern attempt to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. [90], Most likely due to his personal popularity and celebrity, McClellan's inauguration was held outdoors to accommodate the large crowd. Debates were held as to whether the army should be evacuated or attempt to resume an offensive toward Richmond. It was an armada that dwarfed all previous American expeditions, transporting 121,500 men, 44 artillery batteries, 1,150 wagons, over 15,000 horses, and tons of equipment and supplies. It was a remarkable achievement, in which he came to personify the Army of the Potomac and reaped the adulation of his men. He favored a war that would impose little impact on civilian populations and require no emancipation of slaves. [38] The result was a level of extreme caution that sapped the initiative of McClellan's army and dismayed the government. The appointment was controversial in the Cabinet, a majority of whom signed a petition declaring to the president "our deliberate opinion that, at this time, it is not safe to entrust to Major General McClellan the command of any Army of the United States". "[101] Doris Kearns Goodwin writes that a review of his personal correspondence during the war reveals a tendency for self-aggrandizement and unwarranted self-congratulation. By war's end, about 2 million men had served in In December, the Congress formed a Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, which became a thorn in the side of many generals throughout the war, accusing them of incompetence and, in some cases, treason. McClellan worked on engineering projects in New York City and was offered the position of president of the newly formed University of California, which he declined. [54] Ethan Rafuse notes "McClellan's change of base to the James, however, thwarted Lee's attempt to do this. Initially, McClellan was somewhat successful against General Joseph E. Johnston, but the emergence of General Robert E. Lee to command the Army of Northern Virginia turned the subsequent Seven Days Battles into a Union defeat. He telegraphed President Lincoln: "I have the whole rebel force in front of me, but I am confident, and no time shall be lost. The General had his head uncovered, and received gracefully the salutations of the people. McClellan won the election by a large majority and Democrats gained a majority in both houses of the New Jersey legislature for the first time since 1870. In June 1851, he was ordered to Fort Delaware, a masonry work under construction on an island in the Delaware River, forty miles (65km) downriver from Philadelphia. Well, one of these days history will I trust do me justice. Scott (as well as many in the War Department) was outraged that McClellan refused to divulge any details about his strategic planning, or even such basic information as the strengths and dispositions of his units. "[79], Secretary Stanton ordered McClellan to report to Trenton, New Jersey, for further orders, although none was issued. [1] He performed reconnaissance missions for Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott, a close friend of McClellan's father. He later wrote that had it been his place to arrange the terms of peace, he would have insisted on gradual emancipation, guarding the rights of both slaves and masters, as part of any settlement. McClellan revised his plans to have his troops disembark at Fort Monroe, Virginia, and advance up the Virginia Peninsula to Richmond, an operation that would be known as the Peninsula Campaign. "[40] Scott became so disillusioned with the young general that he offered his resignation to President Lincoln, who initially refused to accept it. In the course of a disagreement about defensive forces on the Potomac River, McClellan wrote to his wife on August 10: "Genl Scott is the great obstaclehe will not comprehend the danger & is either a traitor, or an incompetent. George B. McClellan (1826-1885) 1826, Dec. 3 Born, Philadelphia, Pa. [91] Few concrete measures passed and those that did, such as the abolition of the state tax and improvements to the National Guard, were widely popular. Before that time I hope to be on the Susquehanna. On November 1, 1861, Winfield Scott retired and McClellan became general-in-chief of all the Union armies. George McClellan was a U.S. Army engineer, railroad president and politician who served as a major general during the Civil War. McClellan's daughter, Mary ("May") (18611945), married a French diplomat and spent much of her life abroad. "If I save this army now, I tell you plainly I owe no thanks to you or to any other persons in Washington. [71], Still, historians including James M. McPherson in Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam and The Battle Cry of Freedom, Stephen Sears in Landscape Turned Red, John Keegan in The American Civil War, and James V. Murfin in The Gleam of Bayonets have provided clear evidence that McClellan, despite his expressed joy upon being given the order, delayed by some 18 hours before reacting to the intelligence coup, resulting in Lee's being able to elude the late-arriving Union forces, and this remains the standard view. During the Utah War against the Mormons, he considered rejoining the Army. [43] On November 13, he snubbed the president, who had come to visit McClellan's house, by making him wait for 30 minutes, only to be told that the general had gone to bed and could not receive him. At Antietam, where there was nowhere for him to flee to, he fell into a paralysis of indecision. [85] [90], The concluding chapter of his political career was his strong support in 1884 for Grover Cleveland. . He privately referred to Lincoln, whom he had known before the war as a lawyer for the Illinois Central, as "nothing more than a well-meaning baboon", a "gorilla", and "ever unworthy of his high position". It was a scene which no one could forgetan event of a lifetime. Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration. George Brinton Mcclellan Jr, McClellan, George B. McClellan, George B. That night, McClellan decided to withdraw his army to a safer base, well below Richmond, on a portion of the James River that was under control of the Union Navy. At age 34, he outranked everyone in the Army except Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott, the general-in-chief. On August 8, believing that the Confederacy had over 100,000 troops facing him (in contrast to the 35,000 they had actually deployed at Bull Run a few weeks earlier), he declared a state of emergency in the capital. With nowhere to go, Joseph Johnston's army struck ou [2] His father's family was of Scottish and English heritage. He served as the 24th Governor of New Jersey from 1878 to 1881; he eventually became a writer, and vigorously defended his Civil War conduct. $65.00 + $4.75 shipping . The enemy is driven back into Virginia." McClellan asked for the opinion of his chief engineer John G. Barnard, who recommended against an assault. When the General came to the corner of the principal street the ladies thronged around him. He called a council of war at the White House in which McClellan's subordinates were asked about their confidence in the Urbanna plan. [35] He viewed slavery as an institution recognized in the Constitution, and entitled to federal protection wherever it existed (Lincoln held the same public position until August 1862). McClellan supported continuation of the war and restoration of the Union, but not the abolition of slavery, although the party platform, written by Copperhead leader Clement Vallandigham of Ohio, was opposed to that position. Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside assumed command of the Army of the Potomac on November 9, 1862. Following the example of Winfield Scott, he ran as a U.S. Army general still on active duty; he did not resign his commission until election day, November 8, 1864. "[104], While McClellan's reputation has suffered over time, especially over the later half of the 20th century, there is a small but intense cadre of Civil War historians who believe that the general has been poorly served in at least four regards. But Lincoln told his secretary, John Hay, "We must use what tools we have. As noted by historians such as Stotelmyer, the significance of the Union victory at South Mountain should not be underestimated. When he discovered that the Confederates had fortified a line across the Peninsula he hesitated to attack and instead played it safe. Although Lincoln believed his plan was superior, he was relieved that McClellan finally agreed to begin moving, and reluctantly approved. 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