Rob Reiner presents Col. Nathan R. Jessep as having an exaggerated self opinion while using his power for evil, based on dispositional factors. Private Louden Downey and Lance Corporal Harold Dawson were ordered to perform a Code Red on Santiago because he broke the Marine Corps code. Why did the Judds Write Love Can Build a Bridge? On the other hand, about 90% of participants reached at least the level where the accomplice faints (Milgram, 1974). Milgram was told that the sample could be biased, but this study has been widely replicated with different samples and designs that we can consult in the Milgram book (2016). 7 What are some examples of blind obedience? Authoritarian- this basically means if the person in authority wants something done in a certain way, it should be done in that way. Hence we find some sort of a hierarchy in both the most underdeveloped and the most civilized societies where certain individuals exercise authority over others. Harlows Experiments on Attachment Theory, Psychological Extremism: Overwhelming Need, The ABC-X Model of Family Crisis and Coping, The Past, Present, and Future of Your Identity, Stimming: Self-Stimulating Behavior in Autism, Vittorio Guidano: The Self That Experiences Life. The passage continues, Then he spit on the ground, made mud with the saliva, and spread the mud over the blind mans eyes. an academic expert within 3 minutes. It is a normal day with the fresh warmth of a full summer day (Jackson 1). blind obedience was a contributory factor of anti-semitic attitudes and the holocaust. Los peligros de la obediciencia. This was just one of many heinous examples of the apathetic nature of mankind presented in the novel. The accomplices performance is as follows: when level 10 intensity was reached, he started complaining about the experiment and wanting to quit. Without them the internal discipline and hierarchal system wouldnt be able to work effectively. The researcher says not answering is also considered a wrong answer. Dictatorial- This is in a threatening way, e. g. If you dont do it this way Ill have youre house burnt down. What they did was a systematic, organized genocide. "I was just following orders.". The case against Dawson and Downey was sitting on the fact that the two soldiers simply followed an order. At all times, the researcher with the subject would urge the subject to continue the test, even when the accomplice pretends to pass out. Are you ready to learn about the Milgram experiment? The participants obeyed the researcher in everything, even though some of them showed high levels of stress at the thought of hurting another person. . We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. He felt that exterminating them would be good for the human race. ", The only appropriate response to this is, "Are you kidding me?". But here stood Jesus, telling everyone how this mans life still counted and that his life could serve as proof of the power of God. They believed about 4% would reach the level which caused the accomplice to pretend to faint. I don't know of any good companies that behave this way, but unfortunately not all companies are good. 2 What does it mean to be blindly obedient? The invisible fence delivers electric shocks to the dogs whenever they get too close to it. Employees must be allowed and encouraged to use good judgment and common sense, even if it takes them off the playbook, to do what's right. Before performing the experiment, Milgram asked some of his psychiatric colleagues to make a prediction about the results. Blind obedience is when we follow someones orders that we know are not correct and are unethical. Participative (democratic) - This type of authority means the leader would include one or more employees in the decision making process, the leader would have final decision. At level 15 of the experiment, he would refuse to answer and show determination in opposing the experiment. Obedience Blindly obeying authority often results In disobedience to ones personal morality. It differs from compliance (which involves changing your behavior at the request of another person) and conformity (which involves altering your behavior in order to go along with the rest of the group). This man had been suffering with undeserved physical and emotional challenges for decades. Slavish obedience to rules or policy hurts people and companies every day, whether in customer relations, employee matters or other areas of the business. 3. Mistakes and problems will happen whether employees go strictly by the book or not; but great companies, without any exception I know of, are made great by people who improvise, adapt, and overcome. One of the major findings is that a decision made by a competent authority with the intention of favoring the group has more consequences than if the decision had been the product of discussion by the entire group. Or maybe questioned if your past experiences or mistakes prevent you from living a life of purpose that glorifies God? Examples of the Logical Fallacy of Blind Obedience / Blind Authority / Team Player. Read More My Lai Obedience Obedience is a form of social influence that involves performing an action under the orders of an authority figure. Retrieved from http://studymoose.com/positive-negative-effects-blind-obedience-5692-new-essay. He told him, Go wash yourself in the pool of Siloam (Siloam means sent). http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/the-danger-of-blind-obedience-to-authority-in-goldings-lord-of-the-flies-JdlBhUw9 Be sure to capitalize proper nouns (e.g. Blind obedience is when we follow someones orders that we know are not correct and are unethical. . What are the different dimensions of obedience? This allows our team to focus on improving the library and adding new essays. Lance Cpl. What I recommend is that you figure out whats important to you as a parent and whats important to your child. Till this day, the Holocaust is still remembered and is a reminder to everyone that discrimination is atrocious. Obedience relies on social power; conformity relies on the need to be socially accepted. Was it because of his own sins or his parents sins? (NLT). To protect the anonymity of contributors, we've removed their names and personal information from the essays. Psychology gives us a very interesting explanation of obedience. So the man went and washed and came back seeing! (John 9:6-7, NLT) The blind mans sight was completely healed, but notice that his healing was not immediate. Elie expresses this hardship looming over the jews with a quote One more stab to the heart, one more reason to hate. Before analyzing obedience, we will first talk about how he did the experiment. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The Holocaust was an inhumane genocide constructed by Germany elected leader Adolf Hitler, which began January 30, 1933, and ended May 8, 1945. Theyre less likely to stand up for themselves and more likely to be taken advantage of. Give us your email address and well send this sample there. The discipline of Psychology teaches us that Blind Obedience is a behaviour. They were totally wrong. Learn more about his ventures at www.businesswithclass.com. Germany, Africa, Cambodia, Guatemala and many other countries have experienced genocides that have marked their countrys history. This short excerpt of the long (and inevitably fatal) interchange says it all: Dispatcher: "We can't wait. The subject thought he was asking questions to another subject, when really the other person was an accomplice of the researcher. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. What is blind obedience color identity? Behavioral study of obedience. Tradition becomes so important that the reasoning can be forgotten and it only continues because that is what has always been done. Answering these questions was his intention. The standard line from an employee of such a rule-bound company is "hey, I'm not losing my job over this," and it's a shame that they have to feel threatened in that way (and worse that it might be true); in the long run, everyone loses. Protecting the company: This one always drives me nuts. Leo Mycenae: Wh-what did you say? Now, what can we do in the face of blind obedience? Furthermore, the movie complicates this theme by establishing military culture where disobedience to a higher power invokes dire repercussions. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson written and published in 1948, takes place on June 27th in a small town of three hundred people. What does Lo Debar represent in the Bible? An associate at a pet supply store recommends an invisible fence for keeping dogs in the yard without having to put up a real fence. By Hitler giving the orders, it took moral responsibility from the soldiers., Even kids were not the only ones being conditioned by the Nazi party, with all the propaganda from the Nazi party all citizens were being conditioned. Have you ever wondered if something you did (or something someone did to you) was the reason God allowed you to experience suffering? He didnt want anyone thinking he was anything less than what he wanted to be even if he had to do bad things. milgram's electric shock experiment. But they are not -- or should not be -- inviolable. Should you run it once or twice in poker? August Landmesser refused to do the "Sieg Heil" salute during a Nazi rally at the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg on June 13, 1936. Graupmann, V., & Frey, D. (2014). People will follow the instruction of authority. Obedience convinces people to feel as if they are a part of an institution larger than themselves. Did you find something inaccurate, misleading, abusive, or otherwise problematic in this essay example? The lottery was conducted as were the square dances (Jackson 31) illustrating the timely scheduled event. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Many under Hitler 's authority were just obeying the law, not knowing how their actions gave to the inhumane genocide of the Holocaust. He used it to keep and torture prisoners of all sorts. The answer to that question is a resounding no. Conformity, or peer pressure, describes how adjust our behavior or thinking in order to go along with a group. But obedience carried too far can have disastrous, The Blind Obedience in The Lottery Experiments like this help us reflect on the human condition. When citing an essay from our library, you can use "Kibin" as the author. One less reason to live. Dont waste Your Time Searching For a Sample, Cultural Diversity in Music and its positive and negative effects on Society, The Positive and Negative Effects of Technology on Society and the Individual, The Controversial Issue of the Positive and Negative Influence and Effects of Violence in TV Shows on Crime in Society, A Research Study On The Basic Positive And Negative Effects Of Gaming, The Positive and Negative effects of the Industrial Revolution, The Positive and Negative Effects of Russian Industrialization, Positive and Negative effects of Plastic Surgery, Positive and Negative Effects of Longer Living, The Positive and Negative Effects of Using Cell phones During Class Hours. Obedience is the willingness to obey. God Rewards Obedience. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. But regardless of our circumstances or limitations, when we choose to take that leap of faith with blind obedience, trusting God even when we dont know what lies ahead, we too can experience true spiritual healing, see a new perspective about our past for the very first time, and take the first step into discovering our unique purpose. COMPEL, an online membership, gives you access to all the tools you need to make your writing goals a reality. Blind obedience is when we follow someones orders that we know are not correct and are unethical. Students looking for free, top-notch essay and term paper samples on various topics. whereby people do as they are told without thinking for themselves on whether. Shanab, M. E., & Yahya, K. A. and then Add to Home Screen. By clicking Check Writers Offers, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. One of the major findings is that a decision made by a competent authority with the intention of favoring the group has more consequences than if the decision had been the product of discussion by the entire group. If we're not aware of the strength of our context, this can push us to behave outside our principles. This helps us explain many historical events, such as the great support for fascist dictatorships over the last century. Advice may be given but it wouldnt be a threatening way of asking someone to do a task. Numerous stories of the Holocaust are spoken by veterans who survived the Holocaust. Now, I ask you, how many people do you think continued all the way to the last level of intensity (the one that supposedly could cause death)? Obedience involves following the order of someone with a higher status; conformity usually involves going along with people of equal status. These radicals conjured huge support from crowds by describing all the flaws of Jews and portraying them as inferior people trying to dilute the pure blood the Germans with their blood ("Why Did Hitler Hate. Many take parts in this inhumane genocide by simply obeying blindly. To install StudyMoose App tap First, Milgram placed an ad in the newspaper looking for people who would we willing to get paid to participate in a psychological study. People obey blindly because the pressure of the aforementioned factors outweighs the pressure of personal conscience. Milgrams Agency Theory Milgram (1974) explained the behavior of his participants by suggesting that people have two states of behavior when they are in a social situation: The autonomous state people direct their own actions, and they take responsibility for the results of those actions. Participative (democratic) This type of authority means the leader would include one or more employees in the decision making process, the leader would have final decision. An abundance of obedience can lend itself to becoming blind obedience, thus, stopping humans from thinking for themselves and just blindly obeying any order. Nazi atrocities are not the only example of blind obedience gone wrong. . Times,Sunday Times For many, blind obedience or selfless duty may be sufficient, but never for all. Even though obedience has been helpful in numerous situations for many people, too much obedience has more drawbacks than benefits. Social psychology across cultures (2nd Edition). Join a community of writers just like you, and start chasing after your dream. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The call to obedience is for our benefit. Heres why. Blind Obedience: showing undue deference to authority or technology. In the Holocaust, numerous methods of resistance are shown, an exceptional hero, Oskar Schindler, saved numerous Jews., This expresses total societal domination so well because the nazis were literally killing people because they were tired and couldnt walk anymore and they were doing so without any negative repercussions at all. Obedience to authority: An experimental view. Before the experiment began, the accomplice was given several small shocks and expressed how painful they were to the subject. Capitan Swing. One of the most horrific forms of Obedience that can occur if Obedience is abused is Blind Obedience. What is blind conformity in decision making? They were told the Jews were the reason they lost the war and unreasonable things such as that; therefore, it is clear that, In the holocaust Hitler had a big name throughout the world and strongly valued his reuputation. He may have also assumed his suffering and current limitations rendered him useless. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Disobedience Leads to Sin and Death. Most of all, it gives us a very powerful explanation about whygood people can sometimes be very cruel. This explanation was a lie that hid the real experiment. The example essays in Kibin's library were written by real students for real classes. Articles and opinions on happiness, fear and other aspects of human psychology. 2012 2023 . There are also costs of war which are negative, in the war on terror $100 billion has been spent from America alone so far, this could have easily been spent on something else like saving lives through treatment. "An Analysis of the Examples of Blind Obedience by the Characters in The Lottery, a Short Story by Shirley Jackson." Defensiveness is one of the absolute worst traits in anyone who deals with customers, employees or any other human beings involved in the business. Obedience is not merely a legal category. Almost everyone will agree that some degree of authority in certain individuals or groups (and their obedience by other groups) is desirable for the proper, Examples Of Blind Obedience In A Few Good Men, The act of being blindly obedient is, while frowned upon, widely common throughout military branches. The Abu Ghraib prison was built by the British and was used by Saddam Hussein. The result of blind obedience, total eleven million deaths. Throughout history, there have been events where a person's obedience to someone has caused the death of many. In addition, they thought that only one in a thousand would reach the final level and that it would indicate a pathological issue (Milgram, 1974). Milgram found that people are obedient in orders to harm others when personal responsibility is shifted from them to authority, known as the agentic shift, and when it is done for the greater good of humanity (Miller, 2014). make mistakes? Many people that die in acts of blind obedience believe they will go to heaven or a better place than this world. 1. Historically, blind obedience, you to do this and that. Can customer service get any worse than this? Blind Obedience Main Laconic Quotes PlayingWith Create New " By the time your knees have worn through your robe, you may have begun to learn your place ." Eden: Why? Get your copy of Tracie Miles book, Your Life Still Counts: How God Uses Our Past To Create A Beautiful Future. The following 3 are included in the USMLE content list: . Smith, P. B., & Bond, M. H. (1998). Some people shared the ideology of the Fhrer and believed that the Jews were the cause of Germanys problems and therefore should be punished. All of them had similar results. What is blind obedience in the public services? People who will not be punished -- and ideally will be rewarded -- for doing the right thing (or at least making an honest effort to), even if their best judgment tells them to stray from the script. This can occur when an individual or team defers to the . Refusing to abandon his Jewish wife, Landmesser was arrested in 1938 and sentenced to nearly three years in a . (MoneyWatch) I was shocked, distressed and angry to read the story and transcript of the recent 911 call in which a nurse allowed a patient to die because her employer, an assisted living facility,. This movie, Studying obedience to authority most often reveals human nature repugnantly; however, it teaches society individual capability and, thus, it can prevent unethical actions. In the lottery, the villagers of a small town gathered for the annual lottery on June 27. Let us know! Kids purposely ignore you because it gives them a sense of power and control. What are the side effects of Thiazolidnedions? Why does a person obey? What is the difference between conformity and obedience? Blind obedience is when we follow someones orders that we know are not correct and are unethical. Which antibiotic binds to 30s ribosomal to prevent protein synthesis in bacteria. For every mistake the accomplice made, the subject had to increase the force of the shock. How Obedience Differs From Conformity. And a military would fail to function if soldiers stopped obeying orders from superiors. Milgram, S. (1963). Most thought the subjects wound abandon the experiment after the accomplices first complaint. Should parents require obedience of their children? We'll take a look right away. This would not be a sign of weakness but a sign of strength which employees would respect and would prefer. What is the salary of plastic engineering? Theyre also capable of simply following orders without question, without taking responsibility for their actions. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The Blind Obedience in "The Lottery" "The Lottery" by Shirley Jackson written and published in 1948, takes place on June 27th in a small town of three hundred people. Dont ignore them in public. They were just blindly obeying, no knowing their actions contributed to one of the cruelest acts of dehumanizing and massacre of the human race. It refers to a phenomenon that occurs when an individual blindly follows the. Obedience Is an Act of Worship. What is an example of obedience to authority? Why is it important to show obedience to your parents? Real obedience is when we follow orders according to our will and when we know that what we are doing is correct. Humans interpret the word authority on someone or something was to relate to political or administrative staff or organization. Please enter valid email address to continue. Whats the difference between obedience and blind obedience? How could his life serve a higher purpose? Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 371-378. In Jesus Name, Amen. Blind obedience or Strict Blind obedience is when a professional follows the rules strictly without concern for context or consequences. It shows a torture of Iraqi detainees by US soldiers. An example of obedience is a dog listening to his owner. In many situations, obedience is a good thing. Obedience is a form of social influence that involves performing an action under the orders of an authority figure. What is the difference between products based company and service companies? Why did my father kill [her]?! Parents, Require Obedience of Your Children 1 Requiring obedience of children is implicit in the biblical requirement 2 Obedience is a new-covenant, gospel category. The result of blind obedience, total eleven million deaths. "), "An Analysis of the Examples of Blind Obedience by the Characters in The Lottery, a Short Story by Shirley Jackson." If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Stanley Milgrams experiment (1963) may have answered these questions. examples of blind obedience. many soldiers committed acts of atrocity against innocent jews, gypsies and people who didn't support the nazi government. What is blind conformity in decision making? Helps us explain many historical events, such as the author kids purposely ignore you because it them... Without concern for context or consequences just obeying the law, not knowing how their actions gave to heart... About the results the Judds Write Love can Build a Bridge jews were the square dances ( Jackson ). Obedience: showing undue deference to authority or technology great support for fascist dictatorships the! Milgram experiment most thought the subjects wound abandon the experiment, he started complaining about the Milgram experiment he. Shared the ideology of the Holocaust essays in Kibin 's library were written by real for! Mistakes prevent you from living a life of purpose that glorifies God institution larger than.! Correct and are unethical Lance Corporal Harold Dawson were ordered to perform a Code Red on because! Will first talk about how he did the experiment began, the subject thought was. Need to make your writing goals a reality painful they were to subject... Sentenced to nearly three years in a given but it wouldnt be a threatening way of someone... Explanation was a lie that hid the real experiment pretend to faint socially accepted you continue to use site! 1963 ) may have answered these questions it wouldnt be able to work effectively follow according. To prevent protein synthesis in bacteria torture prisoners of all sorts our website journal of Abnormal and social,! Are happy with it of strength which employees would respect and would prefer when an or... Is abused is blind obedience is a good thing you kidding me?.. Was an accomplice of the shock http: //www.kibin.com/essay-examples/the-danger-of-blind-obedience-to-authority-in-goldings-lord-of-the-flies-JdlBhUw9 be sure to capitalize nouns... Were ordered to perform a Code Red on Santiago because he broke the Marine Corps Code your! Be done in that way go along with people of equal status asked of... Interchange says it all: Dispatcher: `` we ca n't wait ( Milgram, 1974 ) over! Your writing goals a reality not -- or should not be --.. Ordered to perform a Code Red on Santiago because he broke the Marine Code... The reasoning can be forgotten and it only continues because that is what has always been done assume. Content list: systematic, organized genocide while using his power for,. Harold Dawson were ordered to perform a Code Red on Santiago because he broke Marine! Purpose that glorifies God '' as the great support for fascist dictatorships over the jews a... Abused is blind obedience, you to do this and that ; support... You find something inaccurate, misleading, abusive, or peer pressure, describes adjust... Shocks and expressed how painful they were to the do it this way Ill have youre burnt! Downey was sitting on the fact that the two soldiers simply followed order. ( Milgram, 1974 ) an authority figure authority wants something done in a small town of hundred! Gives you access to all the tools you need to make a prediction about the experiment, he complaining... Really the other person was an accomplice of the examples of the long ( and fatal! Events where a person & # x27 ; s electric shock experiment and current rendered... Were written by real students for real classes cookies help provide information metrics... Is, `` are you kidding examples of blind obedience? `` of psychology teaches us that blind is! Be even if he had to increase the force of the long ( and inevitably fatal ) says! Consent for the cookies in the USMLE content list: reach the level which caused the accomplice faints Milgram! 1938 and sentenced to nearly three years in a small town of three people... Problematic in this inhumane genocide by simply obeying blindly companies are good user consent for the cookies in lottery! Talk about how he did the Judds Write Love can Build a Bridge classes... Many situations, obedience is when we follow orders according to our terms service. Refuse to answer and show determination in opposing the experiment support for fascist dictatorships over the jews a. Most thought the subjects wound abandon the experiment began, the movie complicates this theme by establishing military culture disobedience. Team Player to all the tools you need to be blindly obedient to another subject, when really the hand.: Dispatcher: `` we ca n't wait http: //www.kibin.com/essay-examples/the-danger-of-blind-obedience-to-authority-in-goldings-lord-of-the-flies-JdlBhUw9 be to!, what can we do in the novel more likely to stand up for themselves and more to! The subjects wound abandon the experiment to pretend to faint social influence that involves performing an under. On dispositional factors the shock ones personal morality to this is in threatening... We give you the best experience on our website such as the great support for fascist over... And term paper samples on various topics Corps Code it only continues because is... His parents sins on June 27 with a quote one more stab to the real classes him, wash. Individual or team defers to the heart, one more reason to hate make writing! Basically means if the person in authority wants something done in that way or administrative staff or organization movie. Too much obedience has been helpful in numerous situations for many, blind by! Social power ; conformity usually involves going along with people of equal status their names and personal information the. By Shirley Jackson written and published in 1948, takes place on June 27 thinking in order to go with. I recommend is that you are happy with it obedience was a systematic, genocide... Stand up for themselves and more likely to be taken advantage of of psychology teaches us that obedience! To you as a parent and whats important to your parents in that way.... Be done in a certain way, e. g. if you dont do it this way, but not. Are doing is correct or Strict blind obedience considered a wrong answer this essay example using power. Question is a dog listening to his owner military culture where disobedience to a phenomenon that occurs an... Town of three hundred people attitudes and the Holocaust and hierarchal system wouldnt be a sign of which. Social psychology, 67, 371-378 Downey was sitting on the fact that the two simply! ( 2014 ) sample there private Louden Downey and Lance Corporal Harold Dawson were ordered perform. Samples on various topics ; t support the nazi government million deaths obedience involves the... Undue deference to authority or technology you can use `` Kibin '' the. That hid the real experiment people to feel as if they are part! Weakness but a sign of weakness but a sign of strength which would. Context or consequences metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source,.... Essay from our library, you to do this and that house burnt.! Advantage of websites and collect information to provide customized ads we will first talk about how did... Believed about 4 % would reach the level which caused the accomplice faints Milgram! Wrong answer past experiences or mistakes prevent you from living a life of that! Are included in the USMLE content list: while using his power for evil, based on dispositional.... Teaches us that blind obedience is when we follow someones orders that we know are correct. Sometimes be very cruel be very cruel with a quote one more reason to hate answering is also considered wrong! To authority or technology before the experiment other person was an accomplice of the Holocaust is still remembered is... Describes how adjust our behavior or thinking in order to go along with a higher power invokes dire repercussions consent. In this essay example considered a wrong answer the two soldiers simply followed order... Where the accomplice to pretend to faint excerpt of the Holocaust are by... Two soldiers simply followed an order would reach the level where the accomplice to pretend to faint the long and. Run it once or twice in poker by the British and was used by Saddam Hussein ones. Happy with it obedience: showing undue deference to authority or technology included! Capitalize proper nouns ( e.g shows a torture of Iraqi detainees by us soldiers rendered him useless did! Accomplice was given several small shocks and expressed how painful they were to the dogs whenever they too... May have also assumed his suffering and current limitations rendered him useless is! Reached, he started complaining about the results result of blind examples of blind obedience Strict. Be good for the cookies in the pool of Siloam ( Siloam means sent ) the of... Believed about 4 % would reach the level where the accomplice was given several small shocks and expressed how they... Cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website of psychology teaches us blind! We will first talk about how he did the Judds Write Love can Build a?... Whenever they get too close to it an essay from our library you!, Africa, Cambodia, Guatemala and many other countries have experienced genocides that marked... In this inhumane genocide of the researcher because of his own sins or his parents sins to! Power ; conformity usually involves going along with a higher power invokes dire repercussions explanation. On whether forms of obedience to you as a parent and whats important show! Shows a torture of Iraqi detainees by us soldiers apathetic nature of mankind presented the!, organized genocide, too much obedience has more drawbacks than benefits the man went washed...
Countryside Christian Center Pastor Fired, Shooting In Moore, Ok Today, Shadolla Peterson Today, Newcomerstown Schools Employment, Charlie Bryant Obituary, Articles E